Nigeria is rich is solid mineral resources, such as: Kaolin, gypsum, mica, clay, tantalite, iron ore, gemstone, silica sand.
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Recycling concrete &building rubble is not only able to bring profit to investors, but also good for environment protection.
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By absorbing the advanced technology from the world, we researched and designed PF series impact crusher.…
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Base on the plentiful experience of producing and marketing of impact crusher, Sofol R&D institution…
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Adopting technology from the world, PY Series spring cone crusher has an excellent performance in secondary…
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The vibrating screen is a kind of sieving equipment of international advanced level, developed by our…
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Sofol VSI Series vertical shaft impact crusher is designed by reputed German expert of Sofol and every…
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For horizontal wells drilled through salt-gypsum formations, this analysis led to the following conclusions: (1) the casing tends to be much safer when drilling is undertaken along …
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The external pressure on the casing was analyzed in different drilling directions, with curvature radii of 573 and 859.5 m (with borehole curvatures of 3°/30 and 2°/30 m, respectively) and a casing thickness of 12 mm. Figure 11 shows the equivalent stresses on a casing for a creep time of 0.1, 1, 3, 5 and 10 years when drilling either …
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The deterioration of buildings and monuments by gypsum is the result of crystallization cycles of this salt. Although gypsum can dehydrate to a hemihydrate, the mineral bassanite, and to an anhydrate, the mineral anhydrite, this reaction occurs in nature on a geological time scale and therefore it is unlikely to occur when gypsum is found on …
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FGD Gypsum Production Process. Mineralogically identical to natural gypsum, FGD gypsum, or synthetic gypsum, is produced from gas captured within emission control systems at coal fired electric utilities. …
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The total average Hg emitted due to FGD gypsum resource utilization in China in 2017 was estimated to be 11.42 tons (ranging between 2.15 and 38.35 tons), which accounted for about 23.8 % (ranging between 4.6 and 79.8%) of the stack Hg emissions from CFPPs in that year. ... the ratios of FGD gypsum used for wallboard …
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To evaluate whether the cement will fail or not under a wellbore pressure increase, one must know the tensile strength and elastic properties of the cement as well as that of the rock. ... Although the production has vastly increased due to implementation of techniques like fracking and horizontal well (Li et al., 2017, ... "Cement sheath ...
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Tight environmental regulations coupled with the constant need to enhance water-based drilling mud performance for use in deeper formation where it can withstand high temperature, high pressure and high saline condition have always been an existential issue during drilling operations. This research compared the performance of biodiesel …
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Al-Alawi et al. (2020), for example, investigated the change in the UCS of Sabkha soil, which is a poorly graded (SP) from the arid area of Oman. They mixed 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% by weight of gypsum with the soil and concluded that the 28 d UCS of the soil increased by about 33% after adding up to 6% by weight of gypsum.
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The increase in the water content in the shale due drilling fluid exposure can lead to an increase in near-wellbore pore pressure and subsequent changes in the effective stress-state. In many cases, borehole instability arises from insufficient mud column support on the borehole wall from an inadequate mud weight or a time-
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ABSTRACT. Planning has always been essential to create and maintain a safe drilling environment. Safety and environmental concerns are now a larger concern than ever before with the increasing difficulty in drilling projects and the more sensitive environmental areas that wells are being constructed and produced from. This is …
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This article reviews the research works published during the past 30 years on formation damage associated with drilling fluids, including mechanical damage, chemical …
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In 2020, global FGD gypsum production reached an estimated 255 million tons, primarily in Asia (55%), followed by Europe (22%), North America (18%), and the rest of the world (5%). ... as expected ...
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where, P is the wellbore pressure, Pa; f is the friction coefficient; d h is the equivalent diameter, m; g is the acceleration of gravity, m2/s; θ is the well inclination angle, rad. 98.2.2 Heat Transfer Model. According to the first law of thermodynamics, the two-phase transient heat transfer model of annular air–liquid two-phase flow can be …
DetailsFluid losses while drilling the salt and gypsum formation, which occur due to lower pressure sand and mudstone formations trapped between the salt. ... MPD of constant liquid volume effectively reduced the non-production time, shortened the drilling duration, and opened up a new method for safe and rapid drilling of the high-pressure …
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Most of the drilling-associated problems in this field occurred during drilling the 12 ¼-in. hole, which is across the non-reservoir Gachsaran formation (consisting of anhydrite, …
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This paper established a composite gypsum-salt model based on the rock mechanism and experiments, and a safe-drilling density selection layout is formed to solve the borehole …
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Treatments should be made through a chemical barrel and must not exceed 7 lbs/bbl over a six hour treatment period. 3. Concentration of bicarbonate as low as 250 ppm can cause problems. 4. In areas where carbonate contamination is known to be a problem, the pH should be maintained with caustic and lime in the ratio two cans caustic to one sack ...
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Demand for natural gypsum was 45Mt, up by 3% from 43.7Mt in 2022. The market imported 8.1Mt of gypsum throughout the year, up by 18% year-on-year. Domestic production of crude gypsum in the US dropped by 1.3% year-on-year in 2023, to 22Mt. Exports grew by 15% to 45,000t. Published in Global Gypsum News.
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Scaled drilling rig. A scaled drilling rig and drill bit is used to estimate the rock strength during the actual drilling process. The capabilities of the scaled drilling rig are demonstrated in detail by Koulidis et al. (2021, 2022); Koulidis and Ahmed ().We analyze the acquired measurements from the scaled drill bit and the drilling rig to …
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Operational Problems Due to Scales. Scale deposits are not restricted to any particular location in the production system, although some locations are more important than others in terms of ease and cost of remedial treatment. The following are areas or events where scale formation is possible in production systems. Drilling/Completing Wells
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Sand production is a common problem particularly in shallow, unconsolidated reservoirs. The increased stresses due to fluid flow towards the production well and the pore pressure changes can exceed formation strength and initiate sand production (Penberthy and Shaughnessy 1992). The sand production increases …
DetailsRehm et al. (2013) reported a statistical study showing that for a period of 10 years more than 12% of NPT was due to loss circulation in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and about 18% was due to resulted kicks and wellbore instabilities. Similar studies showed that in general loss circulations can increase drilling cost by $70 to $100 per foot.
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Wyoming. In total, the US produced an estimated 17.5 million metric tons (Mt) of crude gypsum in 2017, with the states above contributing about 86% to domestic output. US crude production accounted for 13% of …
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The ultra-high pressure saltwater formation coupled with high permeability sand intercalation makes the ultra-deep salt and gypsum formation (6670–7700 m TVD) …
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The most prevalent drilling problems include pipe sticking, lost circulation, hole deviation, pipe failures, borehole instability, mud contamination, formation damage, hole cleaning, H 2 S-bearing formation and shallow gas, and equipment and personnel-related problems. Understanding and anticipating drilling problems, understanding their …
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The development of geopressured systems and the effects of formation pressure on drilling, evaluation, production, and recovery of hydrocarbons are discussed.
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The exploration and development of oil and gas resources in the Sichuan Basin is shifting to the deeper strata. The deep and ultra-deep wells in deep carbonate gas reservoirs are faced with many difficulties, such as multiple pressure systems, poor drillability, ultra-high pressure, ultra-high temperature and high sulfur content, which …
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To simplify the chemical reaction process and eliminate the effects of ettringite formation, the suitable materials for the research on the sulfate attack caused by gypsum formation are the cement minerals: C 3 S or C 2 S. In this study, two kinds of C 3 S were used. A limited amount available as a gray powder alite was provided by Concrete …
DetailsThe results show that with the increase of SHPB impact pressure (0.5–0.8 MPa), the stress peak values of granite, marble, and limestone also increase, while gypsum and reef limestone follow no ...
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The observation of gypsum formation in hardened cement paste prepared with C 3 A-free PC L (Fig. 10) that lead to a free expansion during storage in 3000 mg l −1 SO 4 2−, but did not cause expansion pressure larger than the initial tension, indicates that this type of gypsum formation can increase the volume of the overall sample but does ...
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The typical plastic wedge is 24 in. (600 mm) long by 8 in. (200 mm) wide with a 3 in. (75 mm) thick butt and is used in the same manner as the wooden wedge. Plastic wedges may be preferable because of their low cost and light weight nature, plus they generally last longer. Figure 5 – Typical Wedge Block.
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The purity and whiteness of the purified gypsum (CaSO 4) significantly increased to 99% and 92%, respectively. The migration of impurities and the material balance of this process were then analyzed.
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