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Applied Chemistry Questions and Answers – Cracking and Knocking of Petroleum. This set of Applied Chemistry Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on "Cracking and Knocking of Petroleum". 1. Octane number is a rating of ___________. a) petrol knocking. b) diesel knocking.
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5.2.1 Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) The early oil cracking processes and its modern version, FCC, are landmarks of the industrial history [76, 77]. The modern process is a complex interplay between catalyst, process engineering and the ever-changing needs of the market.
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• The daily catalyst makeup rate to the typical vacuum gas oil feed FCC unit is 4 tonnes, whereas the daily makeup rate toa resid processing FCC unit can be as high as 30 tonnes. • The total catalyst manufactured worldwide is approximately 1200 tonnes/ day corresponding to a surface area of 380 000 km2, the size of Egypt, each year.
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This paper provides an overview of the enormous challenge in processing heavier fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) feedstock and producing higher qualified liquid fuels. Besides optimizing the operation conditions of the FCC unit, it is crucial to design new catalysts especially for heavier and inferior feedstock. In this paper, a new concept, …
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1. Introduction. Cracking is the process where the large undesirable compounds break down into smaller compounds and extra beneficial molecules. Such process is conducted without catalyst at high reaction temperature (T) and pressure (P), or with the catalyst at low or moderate T and P. Based on the market request, oil …
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According to relevant data [1], the domestic primary refining capacity will exceed 900 million tons by 2020, and each ton of crude oil refining will produce 0.354 kg of waste catalyst. The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst is occupied about 68.9% of the total amount of refining catalyst [2].
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Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a production process that converts petroleum into petroleum products in the presence of catalysts. The performance of an FCC catalyst plays a decisive role in petroleum refining. An FCC catalyst mainly comprises a molecular sieve (catalytic cracking active center), a carrier, and a binder. …
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1. Introduction. Spent fluid catalytic cracking (SFCC) catalysts are a solid waste generated by deactivation, carbon deposition, and heavy metal poisoning in petroleum fluidized cracking production (Cerqueira et al., 2008; Marafi and Stanislaus, 2003; Rodriguez et al., 2013).About 700,000 to 900,000 tons of SFCC catalysts are …
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Due to stricter environmental regulations, the safe disposal of spent fluid cracking catalysts (SFCC) is a serious challenge to petroleum refineries. In recent years, the reuse of SFCC as a raw material to prepare valuable aluminosilicate materials (Zeolites) has received much attention since SFCC contains high aluminosilicate precursors (up to ...
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1. Introduction. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) plays an indispensable role in producing light oil products, which can process inferior heavy oil into gasoline and the other value-added product, such as light olefins [1], [2].The behavior of the FCC process is playing a main part on the overall benefits of refinery units and improving in process or control of FCC plants …
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It is the most flexible process in the petroleum refinery. It can process all types of feedstock. Its cracking severity can be adjusted greatly. Since the start-up of the first commercial FCC unit in 1942, many improvements have been made to enhance the unit's mechanical reliability and its ability to crack heavier, lower-value feedstocks.
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The role of catalyst formulation in modulating the light olefin selectivity in crude oil catalytic cracking, such as the addition of ZSM-5 additives, and tuning of zeolite porosity, zeolite Si/Al ...
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Roesyadi et al. (2013) conducted research into gasoline coconut oil cracking catalyst using HZSM-5 without impregnation and the impregnation of metal copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni). The catalytic ...
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The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process is one of the major catalytic processes in petroleum refineries that are responsible for the majority of gasoline production [1, 2].About 50% of the total transportation fuel and around 35% of the total gasoline is produced through FCC [3].Besides gasoline production, the process is also …
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The results in Fig. 1 indicate that the reactions implied in bio-oil cracking are very rapid at 550 °C, and thus become highly evolved even at the lowest catalyst/bio-oil ratio (1.8 g g bio-oil −1), in such a way that, upon a further increase of the catalyst/bio-oil ratio, only slight variations are observed on dehydration and coke ...
DetailsThey commercialized the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process in 3 years, starting in 1939 and culminating in 1942 with the start-up of PCLA#1 at their Baton Rouge, Louisiana refinery. The inherent superiority of the fluid process to transfer both heat and catalyst ultimately made it the catalytic cracking process of choice.
DetailsThe fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) technology is one of the pillars of the modern petroleum industry which converts the crude oil fractions into many commodity fuels and platform chemicals, such ...
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The source of the large hydrocarbon molecules is often the naphtha fraction or the gas oil fraction from the fractional distillation of crude oil (petroleum). These fractions are obtained from the distillation process as liquids, but are re-vaporised before cracking. The hydrocarbons are mixed with a very fine catalyst powder.
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1. Introduction. The fluid catalytic cracking process is used in the petrochemical sector to convert petroleum crude oils into gasoline and other products [1].The process uses zeolite-based catalysts which deactivate over the course of the cracking process losing their catalytic capacity, hence becoming a waste [2].The …
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The improvement in the mechanical properties of mortars is attributed to the increase in the hydrated cement paste itself and, more importantly, improved bonds between the cement paste and aggregate. ... Epcat, one of the spent FCC catalysts from oil-cracking refineries, shows pozzolanic activity from both DSC and XRD analyses of …
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Fluid catalytic cracking catalyst constitute of rare-earth exchanged zeolite in a silica-alumina matrix and is used in petroleum refining industries to convert crude oil into more valuable ...
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As a common industrial by-product, the spend fluid catalytic-cracking (SFCC) catalyst was used to prepare phosphate-based geopolymer for the first time. The structure and property of geopolymer with phosphoric acid concentration ranging from 6 to 14 mol/L was characterized by compressive strength measurements, X-ray powder …
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Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the workhorse of modern crude oil refinery. Its regenerator plays a critical role in optimizing the overall profitability by efficiently restoring the catalyst activity and enhancing the heat balance in the riser reactor. Improvement in the device metallurgy and process operations have enabled industrial regenerators to …
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Batch reactor catalytic cracking to produce light distillates. Catalyst: A1Cl3 – A acid, electron acceptor. Alkane – electron (abstracted by A1Cl3)→ a carbocation (+) → ionic chain reactions to crack long chains. Houdry (1936) - a commercial process. Continuous feedstock flow with multiple fixed-bed reactors.
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Understanding the mechanisms of petroleum thermal cracking is critical to develop more efficient and eco-friendly petroleum cracking processes. Asphaltenes are the main component of petroleum subjected to cracking processes. Thermal cracking mechanisms of petroleum were explored by computational methods using 1,2 …
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FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) is a process that converts high boiling point, high molecular weight crude oil into various petroleum products such as gasoline, olefinic acid, and others. Catalytic cracking was itself improved in the 1940s with the use of fluidized or moving beds of powdered catalyst.
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Catalytic cracking tests were performed at a MAT (microactivity test) unit [5] with a RE-USY base catalyst and two blends respectively containing 11 wt.% sample I and the mechanical mixture added to the RE-USY base catalyst (overall concentration of additive 10 wt.%, ZSM-5 concentration 3.05 wt.%). The preparation of the RE-USY base catalyst ...
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@article{Pathak2023WastePF, title={Waste petroleum fluid catalytic cracking catalysts as a raw material for synthesizing valuable zeolites: A critical overview on potential, applications, and challenges}, author={Ashish Pathak and Mohan S. Rana and Meena Marafi and Richa Kothari and Piyush Gupta and V. V. Tyagi}, …
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Section snippets Materials. Spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst was supplied by BP Oil España (Castellon, Spain), and prior to activation was subjected to a mechanical treatment using a ball mill (Mill-2 Gabrielli) for 20 min to increase its reactivity [12], [26].Fig. 1 shows the destruction of the spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst …
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