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50.3.1.1 Example—Burden Distribution Change. Iron ore sinter /pellets are redirected from the wall of the blast furnace to the center using the bell-less top charging equipment. The top gas utilization (TGU) improves from 47.5 to 49.0% (an increase of 1.5%) due to better contact of the ferrous burden with the CO-rich gas in the furnace center.
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1, being highly exothermic, provides a notable part of the energy required for heat hardening (induration) of iron ore pellets during pelletizing process. It also leads to strong bonding between the grains and reduces dust generation during the transport and loading.
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A 3-D mathematical model was presented for the cooling process of iron ore pellets based on the laws of mass, momentum, and heat transfer. The flow, pressure, and temperature fields were obtained ...
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With presence of CaO in the sinter, formation of iron-calcium olivines is more feasible than fayalite formation. Kinetics of each reaction also plays an important role. The propagation of heat transfer and combustion zones through the bed during sintering, gas flow, heat & mass transfer needs modeling studies and detailed experimental ...
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Drying of a porous bed of iron ore pellets is here considered by modeling a discrete two-dimensional system of round pellets. As a complement to the two-dimensional model, a continuous one-dimensional model enabling fast calculations is developed. Results from the discrete model show that the temperature front advances faster in …
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This work analyzes the heat transfer conditions in a rotary kiln used for the heat treatment of iron ore pellets in the grate-kiln process. The analysis concerns conditions relevant to fuel switching from coal to hydrogen gas. A modeling assessment of the radiative heat transfer in the kiln is conducted including the pellet bed and inner kiln …
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Using computational fluid dynamics software, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) simulation models for simulating the mosaic embedding iron ore sintering (MEBIOS) process were developed on the basis of the concept of the multiply shared space (MUSES) method. When one pellet (diameter: 15 mm) was placed at the …
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This study focuses on heat transfer over a temperature range commonly observed during transport of iron ore pellets. Specifically, KPBO pellets of Luossavaara Kiirunavaara …
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Conventional sintering uses ambient air to transport heat within the sinter bed, requiring a high air flow rate. However, EOS® takes advantage of the fact that only a part of the …
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Consequently, the iron ore charge for blast furnaces can comprise a mixture of ore lump, iron ore sinter, and iron ore pellets. The pellet manufacturing process involves three main stages: raw material preparation, ... Heat transfer has the most significant effect on entropy generation, followed by chemical reactions, while mass transfer has ...
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Keywords Iron ore sintering · Annular cooler · Packed bed heat transfer model · Unsteady state heat transfer List of Symbols v g Supercial velocity of gas (m/s) vo g Actual velocity of gas (m/s) p Absolute pressure (Pa) D p Mean initial diameter of the particle (m) Cp,g,Cp,s Specic heat of gas and solid (J/kg K) hi−j
DetailsTransport mechanisms active during strength development of pellets are dealt with. SUCCESSFUL pilot plant development of the process to pelletize fine iron oxide …
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The slag penetration also enhances the heat transfer and the dephosphorization rate. ... In the context of iron ore sinter green beds, studies with CT and micro-CT have used 250 μm resolutions ...
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Iron ore sintering can be mathematically approximated by a gaseous mixture as a reacting flow that interacts with reactive raw pellets according to the following sub-models: heat/mass transfer in porous media, phase change, species transport and chemical reactions.
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The thermal state of iron ore pellets during traveling-grate processes is complex, and sintering is a complex coupling process involving multiple physical factors.
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Although some studies have reported the drying of green pellets, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] [14] little is known on the drying of iron ore pellet feed or sinter feed concentrates. Studies ...
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Temperature Field Model of Rotary Kiln 1.2 Temperature field model 1. 2. 1 The axial heat transfer model is established based on the following assumptions: the process is at steady state; axial heat transfer between each cross- section is ignored; the temperature and blackness of flue gas, pellets and kiln wall are uniform in each unit.
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The average diameter for iron ore pellets is about 12 mm and 99 % of all pellets have a diameter in the range 6.3 -16 mm and 70 % of these are, in their turn, within the interval 10-12.5 mm ...
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The iron ore sintering process is the second largest energy consuming process next to the blast furnace in overall integrated steel plant value chain. Sintering consists of two moving beds, namely a sintering machine, and an annular cooler. Once the sintering is completed, hot sinter is discharged on the annular cooler and air is blown …
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Abstract. This chapter: 1. Describes the iron ore burden materials charged to the blast furnace (BF): lump ore, sinter, and pellets. 2. Gives an overview of the iron ore minerals used and the related processing techniques. 3. Compares the physical and chemical properties of the iron ore charge materials, as well as their impact on the BF operation.
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In this study, this issue has been addressed by taking variable preheating temperature (850 °C, 950 °C, 1000 °C, 1100 °C) and residence time (20, 25, 30, 35 min.). Pellets were prepared from three iron ores with LOI (2.64, 4.85, and 9.19%). Effect of ore mineralogy on the drying characteristics of the pellet has been established.
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Limonite pellets, primarily composed of Fe 2 O 3 ·nH 2 O, are a crucial raw material for modern iron-making techniques. In order to produce high-quality pellets, a pre-drying and roasting process is necessary. This is because wet pellets can absorb heat during the water evaporation process, which can lead to uneven temperature distribution …
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In this period, air flow, heat transfer, and iron ore pellet oxidation take place at the same time [6-8]. Finally, the pellets are cooled, the cooling air is heated, and the waste heat is recovered [9-10]. The techno- Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., Vol.18, No.3, Jun 2011 logical flow chart is shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1.
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Abstract The use of iron ore–coal composite pellet as a raw material for iron making is an ongoing area of research. Investigations on composite pellet reduction have reported some interesting phenomena, and experimental and modeling results, in which consistent and inconsistent conclusions have been presented in the literature. The …
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Accurate computational models of sintering behavior would assist to enhance sinter quality and are anticipated to play a role in yield prediction. Sintering is a vital process in the manufacturing of iron and steel. As a consequence, the primary objective of these models will be a thorough simulation of mass and heat transport …
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This work analyzes the heat transfer conditions in a rotary kiln used for the heat treatment of iron ore pellets in the grate-kiln process. The analysis concerns conditions relevant …
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Then the iron ore pellets will sent through metallic conveyor into the furnace to undergo heating process at 1200 degrees. After the heating process, the heated base mix will converted into a semi liquid cake. Using a sinter breaker machine the cake is break into small pellets. Finally these iron ore pellets under goes cooling in the cooling tower.
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The iron ore sintering was characterized as a relatively uniform process of solid material, coke combustion, various modes of heat transfer, and the complicated physical changes of solid particles.
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Travelling grate is one of the key equipment for iron ore pellet production, which is mainly used for pellet drying and preheating. A lot of study results show that unstable grate bed temperature ...
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Drying and roasting behavior of iron ore pellets with microwave and conventional heating have been comparably investigated. The results showed that the dehydration time of green pellets can be shortened by approximately two-thirds with microwave heating. Meanwhile, the average compressive strength of pellets with …
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A study was conducted to show heat transfer over a temperature range commonly observed during transport of iron ore pellets. A thermally insulated cylindrical …
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Thermal volume changes and oxidation mechanisms in magnetite iron ore green pellets balled with 0.5% bentonite binder, as a function of raw material fineness and pellet porosity, are shown.
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The drying of iron ore pellets in two-dimensional bed is considered using Voronoi discretisation and flow pattern obtained by minimisation of the dissipation rate of energy. …
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The heat transfer through the sinter bed depends upon the air resistance offered by the bed or ability to permeate air through the bed . Thus, the permeability of the sinter bed is a very important parameter. ... The improvement in permeability and sinter quality has been reported through addition of micro-pellets in the iron ore fines .
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A 3-D mathematical model was presented for the cooling process of iron ore pellets based on the laws of mass, momentum, and heat transfer. The flow, pressure, and temperature fields were obtained by numerical simulation with the commercial software FLUENT. In order to verify the model, a mass and energy balance field test was …
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However, sinter and pellets are now the dominant blast furnace burden, because the natural lump supply has declined dramatically due to depletion of the world's high-grade competent iron ore resources. In addition, more iron ore concentrates are being produced due to the increasing need for beneficiation to upgrade low-grade iron …
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Acid iron ore pellets with 4.6 wt.% SiO 2 manufactured by Severstal Resources in Karelia were used in the investigations. Both test pellets were produced in a laboratory-scale pelletizing drum and fired in sample baskets set in the middle of the sintering belt on the same production line as commercial blast furnace pellets.
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Abstract Iron ore, pellets, and sinter were reduced with hydrogen at 800 °C to understand the degree of reduction and the mineralogical aspects. The weight loss of goethite and limonite iron ore was noticed to be lower than that of magnetite and hematite varieties. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) indicated 100 pct Fe in the case of hematite, 93 pct …
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