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Longwall mining is the most common of the underground coal mining methods used in Australia. It suits sites where coal seams are thicker, wide and have a consistent coal profile with gentle dip. In longwall mining, large rectangular sections of coal are identified and removed in one continuous operation (Trueman et al. 2009 ).
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Coal is the primary energy, generating 37% of the global electricity and more than 70% of steel (WCA, 2020).In China, ∼56% of energy and over 70% of electricity are produced by coal (Xie et al., 2019; Xu et al., 2017), with 85% of coal from underground coal mining (UCM) (Li et al., 2021).In 2021, the global coal output was 7.889 billion tons, …
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4North China Institute of Science and Technology, China 5Instituto Superior Politécnico de Tete, Mozambique E-mail:*manjateelsapansilvania@gmail E-mail:[email protected] ... The selection of underground mining methods is considered to be the most problematic due to the complexity associated with the orebody …
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3 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Cut & Fill stoping Introduction It is one of the more popular methods used for vein deposits and has recently grown in use. It is an expensive but selective mining method, with low ore loss and dilution.[3] (i.e., allows selective mining and avoid mining of waste or low grade ore). Is relatively expensive ...
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UNDERGROUND MINING China's output of coal from underground mining amounted to about 700 million tons in 1983, the largest output in the world. Mining methods vary according to the geological structure of a particular coal seam. The longwall method is used most often, however, to mine gently dipping and dipping coal seams.
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To evaluate the impact of coal production on the environment, a life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted on the mining process of a typical coal mine in China by using the SimaPro 9.0.0 software ...
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Coal remains China's main energy source, but water inrush disasters in underground mines are a serious problem. Approximately 75% of China's coal mines are affected by water inrush hazards, threatening the production of more than 25 billion tons of coal (Zhang 2005).Coal mine engineering geologists and hydrogeologists have studied …
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Mai-duo Shan Coal Mine, with 3.0 Mt/a production capacity, is located in southern part of Lingwu coal field 80 km away from Yinchuan city, China. The longwall mining method was used and the whole ...
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According to statistics, the mining depth of more than one-third of China's underground metal mines will exceed 1000 m over the next decade, and the maximum mining depth will range from 2000 to 3000 m. ... The traditional mining modes and methods used in shallow mines are not suitable for deep mines, given the high stress, …
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Resuing-and-filling mining is the process in which the ore and surrounding rock are broken during the stoping of the inclined ore body, the collected ores are transported out of the stope, and the broken waste rocks are used to fill the goaf area to support the surrounding rock and build the working bench for further mining (Fig. …
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China is the world's largest coal producer country. However, large-scale coal mining has led to severe environmental pollution issues such as surface subsidence and gangue piling up. The gangue …
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Digging deep and filling shallow method in subsidence areas has been widely used in China and the United States (Darmody, 2015). ... (Yoginder, 2018; Hu and Xiao, 2020). Therefore, this study proposed a coupling method of underground mining and farmland protection, and simulated two scenarios: 1) Traditional mining and reclamation …
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The design of underground mining mainly includes the following aspects. (1) Determining the mine production scale, service life, product scheme, etc. (2) Reasonably choosing plans for deposit development and transportation (Fig. 1), mining methods, main mine equipment, ground and underground engineering layout, power supply, water …
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In the United States, the method is used by 65 percent of metal mines and in Sweden, by over half of nonferrous metal mines [1, 2]. During the mining, accidents are not uncommon, which threaten ...
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Small Mining. up to 2000 mining hectares. up to 300 MT/day (1) Artisanal Mining. up to 1000 mining hectares. up to 25 MT/day (2) In case of detrital materials, gold sands, sands, non-metallic materials and construction materials: (1) Up to 3000 m3/day. (2) Up to 200 m3/day.
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Common Explosives Used in Mining. A. ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel Oil) is a widely used blasting agent in the mining industry. It is a mixture of ammonium nitrate (94%) and fuel oil (6%), offering excellent blasting performance and cost-effectiveness. ANFO is suitable for dry blast holes and can be easily prepared on-site.
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Curtain grouting can be used to reduce the volume of water inrush in a mine and protect regional groundwater resources. However, traditional vertical drilling was not feasible for the Maoping lead zinc deposit in Yunnan, China, which is located in a high mountainous region with steep gorges. A full analysis of the regional tectonic framework, …
DetailsThe mining method test will use the field's production capacity as the assessment indicator. The mining production capacity is 2 million tonnes annually, with a filling capacity of 2.67 t/m³. ... Gong, X. L. (2022). Main problems and countermeasures of deep mining in underground mining. China Met. Bull. 1064 (03), 16–18. Google Scholar.
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A few methods for extracting ore are: heap leaching: the addition of chemicals, such as cyanide or acid, to remove ore. flotation: the addition of a compound that attaches to the valuable mineral and floats. smelting: …
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In the above-mentioned zone, the land leveling method should be used for crop growth and irrigation. 3.4. ... The spatial distribution and expansion of subsided wetlands induced by underground coal mining in eastern China. Environ. Earth Sci., 80 (2021), 10.1007/s12665-021-09422-y. Google Scholar.
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Underground mining methods should be primarily selected in order to utilise underground resources optimally. Ground control of excavations, driving of ventilation system, driving new mining panels and preparing underground production plans are directly linked to underground mining method selection (UMMS), the …
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When filling method was used in underground mining, the discharge of solid waste could be reduced into a very low degree. For a mine in transition from open-pit to underground mining, backfill the opencast can improve the stress distribution of opencast side and prevent the rain water flow into the underground mine [11]. 3.4.
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As one of the dynamic disasters of coal mines, rockburst seriously affects underground safe coal mining. Based on the laboratory test, field test, and theoretical analysis, this study proposed the principle of the rock burst induced by the combination of dynamic and static stresses and divided such rock burst into three types, including …
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Mechanical and intelligent mining technology reduces labor intensity, accidents and casualties while improving mining efficiency in underground coal mines. Such advanced mining methods are gradually realized in China with increasing application of an Internet of Things (IoT) technique.
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Innovation plays a critical role in the mining industry as a tool to improve the efficiency of its processes, to reduce costs, but also to meet the increasing social and environmental concerns among communities and authorities. Technological progress has also been crucial to allow the exploitation of new deposits in more complex scenarios: …
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Deep underground mining will become the trend of metal mining in China [1]. To overcome the disadvantages of traditional mining methods, such as excessive ... Mining trucks have been widely used to transport ore in underground mines. Use of an underground mining truck can significantly improve the production capacity and labor …
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Unlike open-pit mining, underground mining methods are used to extract materials beneath the earth's surface. Underground mining presents many dangers, including fires, floods, collapses, and toxic containment. Fires can be caused by unexpected coal heating, short circuits, or friction from defective bearings; collapses can result from ...
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An optimization model of underground mining method selection was established on the basis of the unascertained measurement theory. Considering the geologic conditions, technology, economy and safety production, ten main factors influencing the selection of mining method were taken into account, and the …
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Underground coal mining results in large goafs and numerous abandoned mines that contain substantial amounts of coalbed methane. If this methane is not used and controlled, it will escape into the atmosphere through geological fractures and can result in serious greenhouse gas effects and environmental damage. Exploring and developing …
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We use this for mining platinum. Large scale mechanised mining methods we use include: long-wall mining, where a long wall of coal is mined in a single slice, usually by a large machine. sub-level-caving, where levels of the ore are blasted by explosives; and ; block caving, where large areas of the ore body are blasted and then extracted with ...
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The caving method is a large-scale mining method with low cost and high efficiency, widely used in China's metal mines. The ore output of the caving method takes up about 35% of the total ore output, and there is a tendency to increase. The caving method has a certain range of applications to the occurrence condition of the ore body …
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Although coal has made a great contribution to China's economic and social development, the traditional mining methods of coal resources have caused many problems (Ahern and Hendryx 2012; Adibee et al. 2013; Bernhardt et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2014; Hussain et al. 2016; Kurth et al. 2015; Song and Wang. 2019), such as the …
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The selection of underground mining methods is primarily based on the geological/spatial setting of the deposit. Candidate methods can therefore be chosen and ranked based on estimated operational/capital costs, production rates, availability of labors and materials/equipments, and environmental considerations.
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Abstract: Mining with backfill has been used extensively in underground metal mines which is an. important way to conduct the green and low -carbon mining operation. Backfill technologies can ...
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Underground mining is used when an economically viable deposit is situated sufficiently deep such that open pit mining is cost prohibitive. There exist many underground mining techniques: (i) open stoping (Fig. 1), (ii) room-and-pillar, (iii) sublevel caving, (iv) drift-and-fill, (v) longwall, and (vi) block caving.Determining which method(s) …
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Solution mining is a mining method of dissolving and extracting minerals by injecting fresh water into underground deposits and taking advantage of the characteristics that halite, potassium salt, trona, and mirabilite that are easily soluble in water. In 1888, New York began to use the solution mining process after halite was found in alkali ...
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China had also experimented with underground mining at Nhangma 701 Diamond Mine at the end of the nineties, but the largest development of underground diamond mining was experienced in Canada. Today, out of some 50 active diamond mines mining kimberlite or lamproite, approximately 15 are underground and another 15 have underground plans …
DetailsGround control aims to control or slow down surface subsidence by adjusting mining methods to eliminate or reduce the environmental damage caused by mining from the source, including backfilling mining, strip mining and coordinated mining, etc. ... The spatial distribution and expansion of subsided wetlands induced by …
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Underground mining is a process by which the naturally occurring mineral deposits are extracted from the earth's crust by employing various mining methods (supported, unsupported, and caving ...
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Two dominant methods together account for the vast majority of underground coal mining: "room and pillar" and "longwall" mining. In room and pillar mining, seams of coal are mined partially, leaving large pillars of coal intact to support the overlying layers of rock.Mining by this method creates a network of alternating open spaces and large …
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